Upregulated: collagen synthesis genes (COL1A1, COL3A1), antioxidant genes (SOD1, SOD3), DNA repair genes (GADD45A) Downregulated: inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-), metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), pro-fibrotic mediators Net effect: shift from tissue destruction and inflammation toward repair and remodeling This breadth of gene modulation is unusual for a single tripeptide and has generated significant research interest in fields ranging from dermatology to neuroscience
Dr Yim has been practicing aesthetic medicine in private practice since 2000
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
Rarely, there can be systemic side effects
Subcutaneous: A small injection into the fatty layer just under the skin the same way insulin is given
Luminescent and photofunctional transition metal complexes: from molecular design to diagnostic and therapeutic applications