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Oral absorption is considered too undependable to rely on in patients with pernicious anemia or other conditions resulting in malabsorption of vitamin B 12
PMID: 28853742 [LoE B] [5] Sarkar, R., Yadav, V., Yadav, T., P J., & Mandal, I
Why B12 Gets Added to the Protocol Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin the body needs for red blood cell formation, nerve function, and energy metabolism
Satta WM
Traditional peptides like insulin or GLP-1 agonists have near-zero oral bioavailabilityproteases in the stomach and small intestine cleave peptide bonds within minutes, and what little survives is metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver before reaching systemic circulation
