2 Table 2 Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Maternal vitamin B 12 deficiency during pregnancy or while breastfeeding may lead to neural tube defects, developmental delay, failure to thrive, hypotonia, ataxia, and anemia
Pawlak R, Lester SE, Babatunde T
A report from the Framingham Offspring Study of 2,999 adults found the following average daily B12 intakes, including fortified foods and supplements (Tucker, 2000): Age 26-49: 8.9 g Age 50-64: 8.7 g Age 65-83: 8.5 g A 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of over 4,500 adults 60 years and older found the following average daily B12 intakes (USDA NHANES, 2019): Male non-supplement users (68% of men): 4.5 g Male supplement users: 5.3 g from food plus 326 g from supplements Female non-supplement users (63% of women): 3.6 g Female supplement users: 3.8 g from food plus 520 g from supplements European Food Safety Authoritys Recommendations In 2015, the EFSA released recommendations for B12 intake across Europe
Detka J, Slusarczyk J, Kurek A, Kucharczyk M, Adamus T, et al
Using closed-toed, well-fitting shoes, and considering orthotics or custom-made shoes for those with specific needs
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