The Mayo Clinic shares that those most at risk of low levels include (5): people who dont consume enough vitamin B12 in their diet people diagnosed with pernicious anemia people whove had gastric surgeries people with intestinal issues, such as celiac or Crohns disease People following a vegetarian diet are especially at risk of deficiency
Cell Metab 27:4256
If you experience any adverse reactions, such as nasal irritation, runny nose, or headaches, discontinue use and consult with a healthcare provider
Notably, citric acid, 2-oxoisocaproic acid, acetylcarnitine, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and glycerol were reduced in EP, while glutamic acid, proline, 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, glucose, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, tyrosine, mannose, pyroglutamic acid, and carnitine were elevated
Razavi M, Jamilian M, Kashan ZF, Heidar Z, Mohseni M, Ghandi Y, Bagherian T, Asemi Z
As we get older, our ability to absorb B12 naturally decreases, particularly after age 50