The second co-stimulatory signal arises from the engagement of B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) molecules on APCsincluding activated macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cellswith CD28 on T cells
Different potencies exist for different body areas: stronger formulations for thick-skinned areas like palms, gentler ones for the face and skin folds
SURMOUNT-OSA: Tirzepatide and obstructive sleep apnea The SURMOUNT-OSA trial (Malhotra et al., NEJM 2024, NEJMoa2404881, PMID 38912654) evaluated tirzepatide in adults with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea and obesity, in two parallel populations: subjects not receiving continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and subjects receiving CPAP at baseline
Retatrutide remains investigational, but its Phase 3 safety story is now much clearer than it was one year ago
changed its name to All Young Pharma
However, meaningful weight loss began appearing at doses as low as 0.5-1.0 mg, with average losses of 6-10% at these intermediate doses reported in real-world cohort studies