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Ten trials involved individuals with T2D [25,27,30-37], while three focused on obese or overweight subjects without diabetes [26,28,29]
Important Reminder: Never adjust your thyroid medication or your GLP-1 dosage based on a blood test result without consulting your doctor
BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
Side Effects and Tolerability Both drugs follow the typical GLP-1 adverse event patternmostly gastrointestinal
From a mechanistic standpoint, luteolin affects multiple interconnected pathways including the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway, NF-B and MAPK inflammatory cascades, PI3K/AKT/PTEN metabolic-survival signaling, TGF-/Smad fibrotic pathways, and ER/PR hormonal regulation (Thiruvengadam et al., 2021