The results were striking: Genes upregulated by GHK-Cu include: Collagen I, III, and VII synthesis genes (structural repair) Decorin and proteoglycan genes (extracellular matrix integrity) Antioxidant defense genes (SOD2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) BDNF and nerve growth factor genes (neural repair and neuroprotection) Anti-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-10, TGF-1) Angiogenesis genes (VEGF, angiopoietin new blood vessel formation) Stem cell self-renewal pathways Genes downregulated by GHK-Cu include: Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, IL-1) Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-3 (enzymes that degrade collagen and connective tissue) Oxidative stress genes Pathways associated with cancer progression and metastasis The pro-inflammatory gene suppression is particularly notable
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Monitor for any adverse effects such as redness or swelling at the injection site
This ongoing oxidative stress leaves endothelial cells (the lining of blood vessels) highly vulnerable to ongoing damage, contributing to the micro-clotting and "immunothrombosis" frequently observed in Long Haulers
12 Another study looked at 5mg of melatonin nightly in people with endometriosis-associated chronic pelvic pain