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K., & Gluud, L
Similarly, in animals, wake and sleep loss elevate mitochondrial ROS in dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) neurons (Kempf et al
doi:10.1677/jme.0.0080213
Their primary mechanisms of action include: Stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner Suppressing glucagon release , which reduces glucose production by the liver Slowing gastric emptying , which helps control post-meal blood sugar rises Reducing appetite through effects on brain centres that regulate hunger In the UK, GLP-1 receptor agonists are licensed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and, in some cases, for weight management in adults with obesity or overweight with weight-related comorbidities
Imaeda cautions that the genetic effects identified so far appear to be modest
More serious but rare gastrointestinal complications have been reported, including pancreatitis (though causality remains debated), gallbladder disease, and ileus in susceptible individuals
