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The acyl carnitine enters the mitochondrial inner membrane matrix across the membrane by the action of carnitine lipoyl carnitine translocase

This mechanism plays a role in activating various downstream pathways, including RAS/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/-catenin, and JAK/STAT, which are crucial for controlling a range of cellular physiological activities such as differentiation, proliferation, epithelial cell movement, angiogenesis, and EMT [21]

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Moderate antioxidant supplementation has no effect on biomarkers of oxidant damage in healthy men with low fruit and vegetable intakes