The results revealed that the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, and TNF- secreted by cells treated with NP4 were 1.45, 5, and 1.78 times higher than those secreted by cells treated with NP2, respectively, further confirming the activation of macrophages
As with all research-grade peptides, studies are ongoing to fully characterize their complete profiles
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Gut 2025;74:284-94.ArticlePubMed 102
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Results are not long-lasting-looking