Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects the majority of people with diabetes, accounting for more than 90% of those with diabetes, and is characterized by insulin secretion defects in pancreatic -cells and insulin resistance, whereas type 1 DM is caused by autoreactive T cell-mediated destruction of -cells ( Figure 1 ) ( Figure 1 Consequently, this results in the redundant stimulation of the unaffected RAS-MAPK pathway (mitogenic arm) of insulin signaling, contributing to cardiovascular dysfunction and endothelial injury and advancing myriads of chronic diabetic complications by significantly compromising the quality of life ( Role of incretin hormones The insulinotropic effects of incretin hormones are the reason why the body produces more insulin in response to meals when glucose is ingested orally rather than when it is administered intravenously, even when the plasma glucose levels are the same

When Ozempic (semaglutide) was approved by the FDA in 2017, doctors quickly realized that diabetic patients who took the drug also lost weight
Side effect profiles are broadly similar
30% of people taking Wegovy lost 20% or more weight, compared to 2% of people taking placebo, in a supportive measure
These variants influence baseline appetite regulation, metabolic rate, and GLP-1 receptor sensitivity, though they do not predict exact medication response
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