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These peptides include RGD, which contains an ArgGlyAsp sequence

Because glutathione is a tripeptide (a protein), your stomach acid and digestive enzymes see it as food rather than a specialized supplement

Nasal sprays generally offer lower bioavailability, often estimated between 30% and 50% for compounds like this

In a 2025 review, Sikiric and his team report that the study found the peptide was safe and well-tolerated, but they have not published the data

See the stability section next

Research published in Cancer Biology & Therapy demonstrated that thymosin beta-4 "is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer cells" and has been shown to "stimulate tumor growth and metastasis by induction of cell migration and vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis." Multiple studies have found thymosin beta-4 upregulated in various cancers, including colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and non-small cell lung cancer