This beneficial effect was supposedly due to the increased expression of genes involved in biotic stress response ( PR1 ), ethylene biosynthesis and ROS scavenging including a GST (Tiwari et al., 2016)
Promotes Collagen Synthesis: Vitamin C supports collagen production, improving skin elasticity and firmness, which helps reduce fine lines and wrinkles for smoother, more youthful skin
& Carelli, R
While they work in similar ways, there are a few key differences between each drug or brand that could impact whether these medications are a good option for you
Given that the glucose-lowering effect of metformin is so strong and is independent of incretin signalling, it might be difficult to detect the beneficial effect of metformin on the incretin axis in human studies
In the U.S., about 6% of adults currently use GLP-1s, and 12% have used them in the past (2024 data) (Mozafariun 2025)