5D) and glycolytic capacity (Fig
Evidence snapshot: The strongest human evidence comes from a 2-year randomized controlled trial in 65 healthy older adults (Nass et al., 2008, Annals of Internal Medicine) showing sustained GH/IGF-1 increases and preserved fat-free mass, plus an earlier short-term human polysomnography study on sleep (Copinschi et al., 1997, Neuroendocrinology, PMID 9349662)
In the randomised trials, the average effects are real but moderate, and they come with a ketone signal that has to be respected.6 When these medicines cut insulin need quickly, insulin must be reduced proactively or hypoglycaemia follows
Our approach centers on the science of titration
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Are compounded GLP-1s safe after the February 2026 FDA warning letters