Data availability All relevant data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request
Why GLP-1 medications create B12 deficiency risk Vitamin B12 absorption is a complex process that depends on several factors working in sequence

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) HRT increases the risk of stroke, blood clots (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism), breast cancer, heart disease, uterine cancer, gallbladder disease, and dementia.18 Because of this increased risk, it would be unsafe for those with a personal or family history of any of the aforementioned conditions to use HRT.6 If youve had your uterus removed (meaning youve had a hysterectomy), then you can use a form of HRT called estrogen therapy or ET, which may have fewer long-term health risks than combination HRT (estrogen and progesterone).6 7 Vaginal estradiol Vaginally-administered estradiol has a fairly low systemic absorption.19 But since theres a chance of systemic absorption at all, the same groups as mentioned above in the HRT safety information should proceed with caution and discuss the treatments safety with a doctor
Learnings from the graveyard of phase 2 and 3 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis trials
Always follow the doctors dosage plan
Over time, this can lead to chronic pancreatitis