However, PKA-activity appears to be essential for optimal incretin effects on stimulating insulin vesicle exocytosis." 5 There have been studies performed in animal subjects that show evidence of the pleiotropic effects of GLP-1 on beta cells such as beta cell regeneration and proliferation

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A recent study showed that glucose metabolism was dysregulated and that pyruvate supplementation could prevent neurodegeneration in an animal model of glaucoma 31 , suggesting that ATP production from glycolysis is disrupted, and that other energy fuel pathways, such as -oxidation, may be augmented to compensate for the reduction in energy metabolism
Energy boost: NAD+ vs B12 Both NAD+ and B12 injections can provide an energy boost, but the mechanisms and effects differ
In the U.S., 7.1% of people may develop a deficiency
10.1038/ng1089 Nat